PvF

John Tyler Morgan aimed to redeem the South from Northern control, and being a member of senate, he was able to claim that the Northeast sought to colonize the South and make it become Ireland.

The Blair Bill committed federal education funds to states to combat illiteracy. This was opposed because of thoughts that this would overeducate the blacks and unwarranted federal intrusion into state affairs. The Force Bill responded to efforts to deny blacks from voting through intimidation and fraud. The 14th and 15th Amendments came off as protection for the black race from the white race.

Indians with similar color to the blacks were labeled as independent and were to never enslave their own race. If faced with slavery, they would result to committing suicide.

Race hostility within the United States had increased due to the abolishing of slavery. The first negro movement in the South, their white leaders, and Congress was to protect equality between races, and social and political privileges enforced by the law. Although, in Northern states, members of the black race were unable to hold office under State or federal rule. The blacks were also not able to be made homogenous with the whites.

TMM

Morton did not gather skulls for the dilettante’s motive of abstract interest or taxonomist”s zeal for complete representation. He wanted to test that the ranking of races could be established objectively through physical characteristics of the brain, specifically by its size. Combe believed that Morton’s collection would only acquire true scientific value if mental and moral worth could be read from brains.

Morton wrote many articles to defend the status of human races as separate, created species. Human races must have been separate from the start. The supreme court believed that although separate, need not mean unequal.

Morton’s theory of separate creations matched every prejudice- whites on top, Indians in the middle, and blacks on the bottom. Status and access to power in Morton’s America faithfully reflected biological merit. He had provided clean, objective data based on the largest collection of skulls in the world.

Morton’s 144 skulls belong to many group of Indians, that differed significantly in cranial capacity. Morton’s sample was strongly biased by a major overrepresentation of an extreme group- the small-brained Inca Peruvians. Large-brained Iroquois contributed only 3 skulls to the total sample.

Morton calculated his high Caucasian mean by consciously eliminating small-brained Hindus from his sample. Morton included a large subsample of small-brained people to pull down the Indian average, but excluded just as many small Caucasian skulls to raise the mean of his own group. Morton’s Caucasian sample contained skulls from four subgroups, so Hindus should have contributed one-fourth of all skulls to the sample.